Journal: eLife

Article Title: Neuronal regulated ire - 1 -dependent mRNA decay controls germline differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans

doi: 10.7554/eLife.65644

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( C. elegans ) , FX03023 , Dr. Shohei Mitani, National Bioresource Project for the nematode, Japan , nlp-3(tm3023) X , .

Techniques: Sequencing, SYBR Green Assay, Software

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Differential roles of Na V 1.2 and Na V 1.6 in neocortical pyramidal cell excitability

doi: 10.7554/eLife.105696

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematic depicting the fourth voltage sensing domain (VSD-IV) of Na V isoforms. The six transmembrane spanning regions have high sequence homology among different Na V isoforms, while linker regions display more sequence divergence. Orange box highlights extracellular S1–S2 loop where aryl sulfonamide compounds (ASCs) are stabilized by a tyrosine–tryptophan (YW) motif. ( B ) Amino acid sequence within the S1–S2 loop of various Na V isoforms. Scn2a (Na V 1.2) and Scn8a (Na V 1.6) are the predominant channels expressed in mature, prefrontal pyramidal cells. Both isoforms share a conserved YW sequence that increases ASC potency. Knock-in mutations of Scn2a and Scn8a were generated by substituting the YW motif with a serine–arginine (SR) sequence present in Scn1a and Scn3a . ( C ) Example Na V current traces (pA) of cells expressing either YW wildtype channels or SR knock-in mutant chimeras in the presence of 1 μM GNE-4076. To activate exogenously expressed Na V channels, cells were held at –80 mV and stepped to –12 mV for 20 ms. GNE-4076 onboarding was performed by holding cells at –12 mV for 10 s. ( D ) Dose–response curves for exogenously expressed Scn2a (HEK cells) or Scn8a (ND7/LoNa V ) in immortalized cell lines. IC 50 was measured for both YW wildtype channels and SR knock-in mutant chimeras ( Scn2a YW/YW , n = 6; Scn2a SR/SR , n = 7; Scn8a YW/YW , n = 8; Scn8a SR/SR , n = 6). YW→SR knock-in mutations reduced GNE-4076 potency by about 400- to 500-fold relative to wildtype channels. Circles represent normalized mean Na V current amplitude ± SEM. ( E ) Activation and steady-state inactivation curves for both YW wildtype channels and SR knock-in mutant chimeras. Scn2a or Scn8a YW→SR mutations alter the efficacy of GNE-4076 while having minor effects on biophysical properties of either isoform. Circles represent mean normalized Na V current amplitude ± SEM. Unpaired t -test with Welch’s correction. No significance detected between wildtype and mutant channels for both V1/2 of activation or inactivation. ( F ) Example current amplitude response graphs for Na V 1.2 (red) and Na V 1.6 (blue) expressed in HEK cells. Cells were perfused with increasing concentrations of GNE-4076 throughout the recording. Individual current response recordings from HEK cells expressing Scn2a were robust (3.2 nA), and recordings were reproducible for both YW wildtype channels (red) and SR knock-in mutant chimeras (transparent red). Current responses from cells expressing Scn8a were variable, with only a few cells exhibiting channel conductance (400 pA). In select cells expressing Scn8a , current amplitude (blue) also decreases substantially with 30 nM GNE-4076 and completely with 1 μM. ( G ) Transgenic mouse lines generated with the YW→SR knock-in mutation present on both ScnXa alleles. Scn2a SR/SR mice were crossed with Scn8a SR/SR mice to generate a dual Scn8a/2a SR/SR knock-in mouse. ( H ) Overview of the various transgenic (or wildtype) mouse lines used throughout this study. Application of 200 nM GNE-4076 selectively inhibits Na V isoforms only containing the YW motif. ( I ) Nucleated patch experiments from prefrontal pyramidal cells performed in wildtype or dual Scn8a/2a SR/SR knock-in cells in the presence of 200 nM GNE-4076. Baseline conductance was measured by depolarizing cells from –80 to –12 mV every 2 s for 10 pulses. Na V channels were inactivated by holding the nucleated patch at –12 mV for 10 s. Test pulses were again acquired during recovery similar to baseline pulses. ( J ) Summary graph of normalized current amplitude from nucleated patch experiments in ( I ). Baseline and recovery test pulses were acquired for at least 20 s before and 25 s after the channel inactivation step. Solid line represents normalized mean Na V current amplitude ± SEM. Graph also includes wildtype, no drug control nucleated patch experiments (wildtype no drug, n = 4; wildtype + GNE-4076, n = 4; Scn8a/2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 4). Figure 1—source data 1. Data values for each experiment described in .

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Mus musculus , both sexes) , Scn8a YW→SR KI , Genentech; ; PMID: 37352856 , N/A , Na V 1.6 GNE-4076 insensitive mice.

Techniques: Sequencing, Knock-In, Generated, Expressing, Mutagenesis, Activation Assay, Transgenic Assay, Control

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Differential roles of Na V 1.2 and Na V 1.6 in neocortical pyramidal cell excitability

doi: 10.7554/eLife.105696

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Summary data for threshold (mV) with or without bath application of GNE-4076. Data was collected from age-matched groups (without GNE-4076) or analyzed from baseline data presented in . Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells (wildtype no drug at p25, n = 6; Scn8a/2a SR/SR no drug at p25, n = 8; wildtype no drug from , n = 12; Scn8a/2a SR/SR + GNE-4076 from , n = 11; wildtype + GNE-4076 from , n = 11). One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. ( B ) Summary data for peak d V /d t (V/s) with or without bath application of GNE-4076. Data was collected from age-matched groups (without GNE-4076) or analyzed from baseline data presented in . Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells. One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. n.s.:not significant. Figure 1—figure supplement 1—source data 1. Data values for each experiment described in .

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Mus musculus , both sexes) , Scn8a YW→SR KI , Genentech; ; PMID: 37352856 , N/A , Na V 1.6 GNE-4076 insensitive mice.

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Differential roles of Na V 1.2 and Na V 1.6 in neocortical pyramidal cell excitability

doi: 10.7554/eLife.105696

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematic depicting different phases of an action potential (AP), including AP velocity (first derivative; d V /d t or V/s) and acceleration (second derivative; d 2 V /d t 2 or V/s 2 ). APs can be divided based on depolarization or repolarization phases, which largely depends on the opening of various voltage-gated ion channels. During cellular depolarization, two components exist that largely account for voltage change detected at either the AIS or soma, which are easily discerned by two humps present on a phase plane plot. The AIS component can further be separated into the AIS max or inflection point defined as the trough or peak of the second derivative and likely represents voltage change at distinct AIS regions like the proximal or distal AIS, respectively. ( B ) Example traces of first and second derivatives for all genotypes at baseline or 18 s post recovery. AIS inflection point (light green) is defined as corresponding d V /d t when acceleration (d 2 V /d t 2 ) peaks during the AIS component. AIS max point (dark green) is defined as corresponding d V /d t when acceleration plateaus (visualized as a trough of d 2 V /d t 2 ) during AIS component. ( C ) Summary data for Δ AIS inflection point (d V /d t ) at 12–20 s post GNE-4076 onboarding (represented as light green bar in ( B )). Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells (wildtype no drug, n = 12; wildtype + GNE-4076, n = 11; Scn2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 11; Scn8a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 11; Scn8a/2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 11). One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. ****p < 0.0001. ( D ) Recovery of AIS max velocity (d V /d t ) represented as a delta value for individual cells plotted against time post GNE-4076 onboarding (log-scale). For Δ d V /d t , the baseline value is subtracted from individual time points throughout the recovery phase (Δ V/s = recovery timepoint − baseline). Gray shaded bar represents recovery between 12 and 20 s. ( E ) Summary data for Δ AIS max velocity (d V /d t ) at 12–20 s post GNE-4076 onboarding (represented as gray bar in ( D ) or dark green bar in ( B )). Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells. One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. ****p < 0.0001. Figure 3—figure supplement 1—source data 1. Data values for each experiment described in .

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Mus musculus , both sexes) , Scn8a YW→SR KI , Genentech; ; PMID: 37352856 , N/A , Na V 1.6 GNE-4076 insensitive mice.

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Differential roles of Na V 1.2 and Na V 1.6 in neocortical pyramidal cell excitability

doi: 10.7554/eLife.105696

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Protocol used to characterize recovery of AP firing properties. Baseline spiking is determined by injecting current for 300 ms to elicit five to six APs. To promote Na V inactivation and maximal GNE-4076 onboarding, neurons are held at –12 mV in voltage-clamp for 30 s. Recovery of AP firing is evaluated by injecting the same current stimulus defined during baseline spiking with an inter-stimulus interval starting at 2 s, followed by 5, 15, 30, and 60 s. ( B ) Overlaid waveform of first AP at baseline or 18 s post GNE-4076 onboarding for all conditions (wildtype no drug, n = 12; wildtype + GNE-4076, n = 11; Scn8a/2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 10; Scn2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 11; Scn8a SR/SR. + GNE-4076, n = 11). ( C ) Overlaid phase plane of AP traces at baseline (100% transparency) or 18 s post GNE-4076 onboarding (20% transparency) for each condition in ( B ). Plots represent the AP velocity by taking the first derivative (d V /d t , y -axis) versus the membrane potential (mV, x -axis). Colors are matched to conditions represented in ( B ). ( D ) Recovery of AP threshold ( V m ) represented as a delta value for individual cells plotted against time post GNE-4076 onboarding (log-scale). For Δ V m , the baseline value is subtracted from individual timepoints throughout the recovery phase (Δ mV = recovery timepoint – baseline). Colors are matched to conditions represented in ( B ). Gray shaded bar represents recovery between 12 and 20 s. ( E ) Summary data for Δ V m at 12–20 s post GNE-4076 onboarding (time period represented as gray bar in ( D )). Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells. One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. ****p < 0.0001. ( F ) Recovery of AP peak velocity (d V /d t ) represented as a delta value for individual cells plotted against time post GNE-4076 onboarding (log-scale). For Δ d V /d t , the baseline value is subtracted from individual time points throughout the recovery phase (Δ V/s = recovery timepoint – baseline). Colors are matched to conditions represented in ( B ). Gray shaded bar represents recovery between 12 and 20 s. ( G ) Summary data for Δ d V /d t at 12–20 s post GNE-4076 onboarding (time period represented as gray bar in ( F )). Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells. One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. ****p < 0.0001. Figure 3—source data 1. Data values for each experiment described in .

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Mus musculus , both sexes) , Scn8a YW→SR KI , Genentech; ; PMID: 37352856 , N/A , Na V 1.6 GNE-4076 insensitive mice.

Techniques: Membrane

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Differential roles of Na V 1.2 and Na V 1.6 in neocortical pyramidal cell excitability

doi: 10.7554/eLife.105696

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Recovery of AP threshold ( V m ) represented as absolute values for individual cells (wildtype no drug, n = 12; wildtype + GNE-4076, n = 11; Scn2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 11; Scn8a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 11; Scn8a/2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 11) plotted against time post GNE-4076 onboarding (log-scale). Colors are matched to conditions represented in . Gray shaded bar represents recovery between 12 and 20 s. ( B ) Summary data for V m at 12–20 s post GNE-4076 onboarding (time period represented as gray bar in ( A )). Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells. One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. ( C ) Recovery of AP peak velocity (d V /d t ) represented as absolute values for individual cells plotted against time post GNE-4076 onboarding (log-scale). Colors are matched to conditions represented in . Gray shaded bar represents recovery between 12 and 20 s. ( D ) Summary data for peak d V /d t at 12–20 s post GNE-4076 onboarding (time period represented as gray bar in ( C )). Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells. One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. ( E ) Recovery of axon initial segment (AIS) max velocity (d V /d t ) represented as absolute values for individual cells plotted against time post GNE-4076 onboarding (log-scale). Colors are matched to conditions represented in . Gray shaded bar represents recovery between 12 and 20 s. ( F ) Summary data for AIS max velocity (d V /d t ) at 12–20 s post GNE-4076 onboarding (time period represented as gray bar in ( E )). Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells. One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Figure 3—figure supplement 2—source data 1. Data values for each experiment described in .

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Mus musculus , both sexes) , Scn8a YW→SR KI , Genentech; ; PMID: 37352856 , N/A , Na V 1.6 GNE-4076 insensitive mice.

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Differential roles of Na V 1.2 and Na V 1.6 in neocortical pyramidal cell excitability

doi: 10.7554/eLife.105696

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) AP train over 300 ms at baseline (black) or 18 s post GNE-4076 onboarding (color) for all conditions (wildtype no drug, n = 12; wildtype + GNE-4076, n = 10; Scn8a/2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 11; Scn2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 11; Scn8a SR/SR. + GNE-4076, n = 11). Dashed line represents V m of last afterhyperpolarization (AHP). ( B ) Summary data for Δ spike number at 12–20 s post GNE-4076 onboarding. Violin plots show median. Circles represent individual cells. One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001. ( C ) Summary data for Δ last AHP at 12–20 s post GNE-4076 onboarding. Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells. One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Figure 4—source data 1. Data values for each experiment described in .

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Mus musculus , both sexes) , Scn8a YW→SR KI , Genentech; ; PMID: 37352856 , N/A , Na V 1.6 GNE-4076 insensitive mice.

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Differential roles of Na V 1.2 and Na V 1.6 in neocortical pyramidal cell excitability

doi: 10.7554/eLife.105696

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Representative AP firing response to 300 pA current injection for 10 s in wildtype or Scn8a/2a SR/SR cells with or without 200 nM GNE-4076. ( B ) Phase plane of AP traces shown in ( A ). Plots represent AP velocity by taking the first derivative (d V /d t , y -axis) versus the membrane potential (mV, x -axis). To represent changes with phase plane relative to time, a rainbow color spectrum is used with warmer colors representing more time lapsed. ( C ) Delta threshold (Δ mV), delta peak d V /d t (Δ V/s), and delta instantaneous firing frequency (Δ Hz) binned in 1-s increments normalized to the initial 500 ms of current injection (binned time – initial 500 ms). Circles represent mean Δ value ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. ( D ) Summary data for the final sec in ( C ). Delta values are normalized to the initial 500 ms of the stimulus (binned time – initial 500 ms). Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells (wildtype no drug, n = 12; wildtype + GNE-4076, n = 12; Scn8a/2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 12). One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Figure 5—source data 1. Data values for each experiment described in .

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Mus musculus , both sexes) , Scn8a YW→SR KI , Genentech; ; PMID: 37352856 , N/A , Na V 1.6 GNE-4076 insensitive mice.

Techniques: Injection, Membrane

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Differential roles of Na V 1.2 and Na V 1.6 in neocortical pyramidal cell excitability

doi: 10.7554/eLife.105696

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Representative AP firing response to 300 pA current injection for 10 s in Scn2a SR/SR or Scn8a SR/SR cells with 200 nM GNE-4076 to selectively inhibit Na V 1.6 or NaV1.2, respectively. ( B ) Phase plane of AP traces shown in ( A ). Plots represent AP velocity by taking the first derivative (d V /d t , y -axis) versus the membrane potential (mV, x -axis). To represent changes with phase plane relative to time, a rainbow color spectrum is used with warmer colors representing more time lapsed. ( C ) Delta threshold (Δ mV), delta peak d V /d t (Δ V/s), and delta instantaneous firing frequency (Δ Hz) binned in 1-s increments normalized to the initial 500ms of current injection (binned time – initial 500 ms). Circles represent mean Δ value ± SEM. Average Δ value ± SEM for Scn8a/2a SR/SR + GNE-4076 and wildtype + GNE-4076 from are represented. ( D ) Summary data for the final sec in ( C ). Delta values are normalized to the initial 500 ms of the stimulus (binned time – initial 500 ms). Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells ( Scn8a/2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 12; wildtype + GNE-4076, n = 12; Scn2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 12; Scn8a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 11). One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Figure 6—source data 1. Data values for each experiment described in .

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Mus musculus , both sexes) , Scn8a YW→SR KI , Genentech; ; PMID: 37352856 , N/A , Na V 1.6 GNE-4076 insensitive mice.

Techniques: Injection, Membrane

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Differential roles of Na V 1.2 and Na V 1.6 in neocortical pyramidal cell excitability

doi: 10.7554/eLife.105696

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Absolute values for threshold (mV), peak d V /d t (V/s), and instantaneous firing frequency (Hz) binned in 1-s increments. Circles represent mean absolute value ± SEM (wildtype no drug, n = 12; wildtype + GNE-4076, n = 12; Scn8a/2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 12; Scn2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 12; Scn8a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 11). Two-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. Figure 6—figure supplement 1—source data 1. Data values for each experiment described in .

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Mus musculus , both sexes) , Scn8a YW→SR KI , Genentech; ; PMID: 37352856 , N/A , Na V 1.6 GNE-4076 insensitive mice.

Techniques:

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Differential roles of Na V 1.2 and Na V 1.6 in neocortical pyramidal cell excitability

doi: 10.7554/eLife.105696

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Stimulation protocol and example firing trace of cell injected with fluctuating post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) randomly generated using a Poisson probability distribution function for 60 s. PSPs were continuously applied to acquire baseline activity, seizure-like activity, and recovery activity. During seizure-like activity, a 400-pA step was applied in addition to the PSP. Recovery was continuously recorded for up to 4 min post seizure-like activity. ( B ) Zoomed-in example traces for all genotypes at the Baseline → Seizure transition, Seizure → Recovery transition, and start of 3–4 min recovery period (highlighted in ( A )). Solid horizontal black bar represents membrane potential ( V m ) of –12 mV. Tick marks above traces represent detected spikes defined as a change in V m of 15 V/s or greater. ( C ) Threshold (mV) or instantaneous firing frequency (Hz) binned in 5-s increments for all genotypes in ( B ). Solid lines represent mean value ± SEM. Timescale on x -axis mirrors activity presented in ( A ). ( D ) Summary of threshold data for the final 5 s of seizure-like activity or entire 3–4 min recovery time point in ( C ). Delta values are normalized to baseline activity (either at final 5 s or entire period). Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells (wildtype no drug, n = 7; wildtype + GNE-4076, n = 7–8; Scn2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 12; Scn8a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 12; Scn8a/2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 6). One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. ( E ) Summary of instantaneous frequency data for the final 5 s of seizure-like activity or entire 3–4 min recovery time point in ( C ). Delta values are normalized to baseline activity (either at final 5 s or entire period). Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells. One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Figure 7—source data 1. Data values for each experiment described in .

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Mus musculus , both sexes) , Scn8a YW→SR KI , Genentech; ; PMID: 37352856 , N/A , Na V 1.6 GNE-4076 insensitive mice.

Techniques: Injection, Generated, Activity Assay, Membrane

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Differential roles of Na V 1.2 and Na V 1.6 in neocortical pyramidal cell excitability

doi: 10.7554/eLife.105696

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Changes to baseline activity prior to seizure-like activity (Zoom-in of ). Absolute values for both threshold (mV) and instantaneous firing frequency (Hz) are binned in 5-s increments for all genotypes in . ( B ) Summary of threshold or instantaneous frequency data for the final 5 s of baseline activity in ( A ). Delta values are normalized to the initial 5 s of baseline activity (final − initial 5 s). Box plots show median and 90% tails. Circles represent individual cells (wildtype no drug, n = 7; wildtype + GNE-4076, n = 8; Scn2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 12; Scn8a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 12; Scn8a/2a SR/SR + GNE-4076, n = 6). One-way ANOVA, Holm–Šídák multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001. Figure 7—figure supplement 1—source data 1. Data values for each experiment described in .

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Mus musculus , both sexes) , Scn8a YW→SR KI , Genentech; ; PMID: 37352856 , N/A , Na V 1.6 GNE-4076 insensitive mice.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Cis -regulatory variants affect gene expression dynamics in yeast

doi: 10.7554/eLife.68469

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) , ChI; YJF1373 , PMID: 22913817 , , HN6 background.

Techniques: Recombinant, Cloning, Plasmid Preparation, Sequencing, Software

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Structure-guided microbial targeting of antistaphylococcal prodrugs

doi: 10.7554/eLife.66657

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Strain, strain background ( Staphylococcus aureus ) , NE364 , Nebraska Transposon Mutant Library , NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family protein , Available from BEI Resources as: NR-48501.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Centrifugation, Recombinant, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Sequencing, Software